This area of the Library features a number of Common Health Questions, grouped into categories. Click on a category from the list below to get started.
Categories
Accidents, first aid and treatments
How should I care for my stitches?
View original article on NHS Choices
If you have stitches, take care to:
keep them clean and dry
watch out for any increase in swelling, pain or redness or changes to your usual skin colour
This will reduce your risk of developing an infection, or catch it early.
A doctor or nurse should tell you how to care for your wound. If you are unsure what to do, ask your healthcare team for advice.
It’s important not to scratch your stitches; even though they’re strong, scratching may damage them.
You should avoid contact sports, such as football or hockey, to give your wound the best possible chance to heal.
You should not go swimming until your wound has healed and your stitches have been removed.
If your child has stitches, do not let them play with water, mud, sand and paint.
Playing with things like these could cause the wound area to get dirty or sore, or cause an infection.
Children may also be advised to avoid PE at school until their wound has healed.
Watch out for any signs of infection near or around the stitches, such as:
swelling
increased redness around the wound or changes to your usual skin colour
pus or bleeding from the wound
the wound feeling warm
an unpleasant smell from the wound
increasing pain
a high temperature
swollen glands
If you have any of these symptoms, speak to a GP or call NHS 111 for advice. You could also visit an NHS walk-in centre or minor injuries unit.
You will be told if you need to return to a GP or a nurse to have your stitches removed. These are the usual time periods:
stitches on your head – you’ll need to return after 5 to 7 days
stitches over joints, such as your knees or elbows – you’ll need to return after 10 to 14 days
stitches on other parts of your body – you’ll need to return after 7 to 10 days
Some stitches are designed to dissolve gradually and will disappear on their own.
If you have stitches, take care to:
keep them clean and dry
watch out for any increase in swelling, pain or redness or changes to your usual skin colour
This will reduce your risk of developing an infection, or catch it early.
A doctor or nurse should tell you how to care for your wound. If you are unsure what to do, ask your healthcare team for advice.
It’s important not to scratch your stitches; even though they’re strong, scratching may damage them.
You should avoid contact sports, such as football or hockey, to give your wound the best possible chance to heal.
You should not go swimming until your wound has healed and your stitches have been removed.
If your child has stitches, do not let them play with water, mud, sand and paint.
Playing with things like these could cause the wound area to get dirty or sore, or cause an infection.
Children may also be advised to avoid PE at school until their wound has healed.
Watch out for any signs of infection near or around the stitches, such as:
swelling
increased redness around the wound or changes to your usual skin colour
pus or bleeding from the wound
the wound feeling warm
an unpleasant smell from the wound
increasing pain
a high temperature
swollen glands
If you have any of these symptoms, speak to a GP or call NHS 111 for advice. You could also visit an NHS walk-in centre or minor injuries unit.
You will be told if you need to return to a GP or a nurse to have your stitches removed. These are the usual time periods:
stitches on your head – you’ll need to return after 5 to 7 days
stitches over joints, such as your knees or elbows – you’ll need to return after 10 to 14 days
stitches on other parts of your body – you’ll need to return after 7 to 10 days
Some stitches are designed to dissolve gradually and will disappear on their own.
Can I get my stitches wet in the bath or shower?
View original article on NHS Choices
You should try to keep your stitches and any non-waterproof dressing dry for at least 48 hours after surgery.
You may be advised to wait 48 hours before showering and/or hair washing. A doctor or nurse will give you advice about this. Here is some general advice to follow:
showering is preferable to bathing
some waterproof dressings can be left in place in the shower
do not put any bathing products, such as soap or shower gel, directly onto the wound
do not worry if you splash the wound, but do not rub the area as this may cause pain and delay the healing process
Pat the wound gently with a clean towel after showering.
If you have a dressing over your stitches, avoid getting it wet.
Some dressings are waterproof, so you could wet your dressing lightly – for example, with the spray from a shower. However, you should not submerge your dressing under water. If you’re not sure whether your dressing is waterproof, avoid getting it wet.
Do not remove the dressing unless you’re advised to do so by a healthcare professional.
If you have been advised to keep your stitches dry, you could:
cover your stitches when you have a shower, with a waterproof dressing – you may be able to use a rubber glove or plastic bag if they will cover your wound
have a wash standing in a bath tub, using a cloth to clean yourself and avoiding your stitches
Dab your stitches dry with a clean towel after washing, even if the wound area did not get wet, to ensure the area is completely dry.
If your stitches get wet accidentally, simply dry the area immediately with a clean towel and make sure all the moisture around the stitches is soaked up.
After you’ve had stitches, you should be given some aftercare advice and contact details in case you’re worried or have any questions. You could also call NHS 111 or a GP for advice if you do not have this information.
You should try to keep your stitches and any non-waterproof dressing dry for at least 48 hours after surgery.
You may be advised to wait 48 hours before showering and/or hair washing. A doctor or nurse will give you advice about this. Here is some general advice to follow:
showering is preferable to bathing
some waterproof dressings can be left in place in the shower
do not put any bathing products, such as soap or shower gel, directly onto the wound
do not worry if you splash the wound, but do not rub the area as this may cause pain and delay the healing process
Pat the wound gently with a clean towel after showering.
If you have a dressing over your stitches, avoid getting it wet.
Some dressings are waterproof, so you could wet your dressing lightly – for example, with the spray from a shower. However, you should not submerge your dressing under water. If you’re not sure whether your dressing is waterproof, avoid getting it wet.
Do not remove the dressing unless you’re advised to do so by a healthcare professional.
If you have been advised to keep your stitches dry, you could:
cover your stitches when you have a shower, with a waterproof dressing – you may be able to use a rubber glove or plastic bag if they will cover your wound
have a wash standing in a bath tub, using a cloth to clean yourself and avoiding your stitches
Dab your stitches dry with a clean towel after washing, even if the wound area did not get wet, to ensure the area is completely dry.
If your stitches get wet accidentally, simply dry the area immediately with a clean towel and make sure all the moisture around the stitches is soaked up.
After you’ve had stitches, you should be given some aftercare advice and contact details in case you’re worried or have any questions. You could also call NHS 111 or a GP for advice if you do not have this information.
How long will my stitches (sutures) take to dissolve?
View original article on NHS Choices
The time it takes for dissolvable or absorbable stitches to disappear can vary.
Most types should start to dissolve or fall out within a week or two, although it may be a few weeks before they disappear completely. Some may last for several months.
Ask your doctor about the type of stitches you have been given and how long they should take to dissolve.
If your wound has healed and your stitches are bothering you, you might want to consider making an appointment with a GP or practice nurse, who may be able to remove them, rather than waiting for them to dissolve completely.
The time it takes for dissolvable or absorbable stitches to disappear can vary.
Most types should start to dissolve or fall out within a week or two, although it may be a few weeks before they disappear completely. Some may last for several months.
Ask your doctor about the type of stitches you have been given and how long they should take to dissolve.
If your wound has healed and your stitches are bothering you, you might want to consider making an appointment with a GP or practice nurse, who may be able to remove them, rather than waiting for them to dissolve completely.
How do I care for a wound treated with skin glue?
View original article on NHS Choices
Skin glue is a special medical glue used to close wounds. It can be used on its own or with stitches or adhesive tape. It forms a protective waterproof covering over your wound.
Skin glue is usually used for cuts or wounds that:
are small or minor
are up to 5cm long
have straight edges that can be easily pulled together
Skin glue is often used to close wounds on:
the face or head
some parts of the arms and legs
the trunk of the body (torso)
Skin glue isn’t suitable for wounds over joints, like your knees, groin or hands.
Skin glue is applied as a liquid or paste to the edges of the wound.
It takes only a few minutes to set.
The glue usually forms a scab that peels or falls off in 5 to 10 days.
The scar should take about 6 months to fade.
Your doctor or nurse will give you advice about caring for a wound closed with skin glue.
Skin glue is waterproof, but general advice is to:
avoid touching the glue for 24 hours
try to keep the wound dry for the first 5 days
have showers rather than baths, to avoid soaking the wound
use a shower cap if the wound is on the head
pat the wound dry if it gets wet – do not rub it
If the wound is on your head, you should be able to wash your hair after 5 days.
Things to avoid during the first 5 days:
don’t stick a plaster on the skin glue
don’t put creams or lotions on the glue
don’t wear clothing that could rub against the glue
don’t pick at the glued area
don’t brush hair around the glued area
Most wounds closed with skin glue heal normally.
You should seek medical attention if:
your wound splits open or starts to bleed
you think your wound may be infected
You might have an infection if:
the wound becomes more red or swollen
the pain or soreness in your wound gets worse
pus or blood leaks from your wound
you have a high temperature, or you feel hot and shivery
Contact your GP or practice nurse for advice, or go to an NHS walk-in centre.
You can also call NHS 111.
Skin glue is a special medical glue used to close wounds. It can be used on its own or with stitches or adhesive tape. It forms a protective waterproof covering over your wound.
Skin glue is usually used for cuts or wounds that:
are small or minor
are up to 5cm long
have straight edges that can be easily pulled together
Skin glue is often used to close wounds on:
the face or head
some parts of the arms and legs
the trunk of the body (torso)
Skin glue isn’t suitable for wounds over joints, like your knees, groin or hands.
Skin glue is applied as a liquid or paste to the edges of the wound.
It takes only a few minutes to set.
The glue usually forms a scab that peels or falls off in 5 to 10 days.
The scar should take about 6 months to fade.
Your doctor or nurse will give you advice about caring for a wound closed with skin glue.
Skin glue is waterproof, but general advice is to:
avoid touching the glue for 24 hours
try to keep the wound dry for the first 5 days
have showers rather than baths, to avoid soaking the wound
use a shower cap if the wound is on the head
pat the wound dry if it gets wet – do not rub it
If the wound is on your head, you should be able to wash your hair after 5 days.
Things to avoid during the first 5 days:
don’t stick a plaster on the skin glue
don’t put creams or lotions on the glue
don’t wear clothing that could rub against the glue
don’t pick at the glued area
don’t brush hair around the glued area
Most wounds closed with skin glue heal normally.
You should seek medical attention if:
your wound splits open or starts to bleed
you think your wound may be infected
You might have an infection if:
the wound becomes more red or swollen
the pain or soreness in your wound gets worse
pus or blood leaks from your wound
you have a high temperature, or you feel hot and shivery
Contact your GP or practice nurse for advice, or go to an NHS walk-in centre.
You can also call NHS 111.
Caring, carers and long-term conditions
When do I need a fit note?
View original article on NHS Choices
If you’re off work sick for 7 days or less, your employer should not ask for medical evidence that you’ve been ill. Instead they can ask you to confirm that you’ve been ill. You can do this by filling in a form yourself when you return to work. This is called self-certification.
If you’re off work sick for more than 7 days, your employer will usually ask for a fit note (or Statement of Fitness for Work) from a healthcare professional. Fit notes are sometimes referred to as medical statements or doctor’s notes.
When you work out the number of days that you’ve been sick, you need to count all the days in a row you’ve been sick, including days you do not usually work, such as weekends and bank holidays.
If you need a fit note, contact the healthcare professional treating you. This should be a doctor, nurse, occupational therapist, pharmacist or physiotherapist.
Your healthcare professional will assess you, and if they decide your health affects your fitness for work, they can issue a fit note and advise either that:
you are “not fit for work”
you “may be fit for work taking into account the following advice”
Your healthcare professional will choose the “may be fit for work” option if they think that you are able to do some work, even if it is not your usual job, with support from your employer.
Discuss this advice with your employer to see if you can return to work.
For example, the healthcare professional treating you may suggest possible changes, such as:
returning to work gradually, for example, by starting part time
temporarily working different hours
performing different duties or tasks
having other support to do your job. For example, if you have back pain, avoiding heavy lifting
If your employer is unable to accommodate the changes advised by a healthcare professional, then the fit note is treated as though it said “not fit for work”.
There is never a charge from a healthcare professional for providing a fit note if you’re off sick from work for more than 7 days.
For sickness of 7 days or less, your GP practice may charge you to provide a private medical certificate.
For example, some employers may request medical evidence from employees who repeatedly take time off sick, even if each time they’re off work it’s for 7 days or less. A fit note cannot be used for this purpose and a healthcare professional may charge to issue a private certificate.
GOV.UK: taking sick leave
GOV.UK: fit note guidance for patients and employees
If you’re off work sick for 7 days or less, your employer should not ask for medical evidence that you’ve been ill. Instead they can ask you to confirm that you’ve been ill. You can do this by filling in a form yourself when you return to work. This is called self-certification.
If you’re off work sick for more than 7 days, your employer will usually ask for a fit note (or Statement of Fitness for Work) from a healthcare professional. Fit notes are sometimes referred to as medical statements or doctor’s notes.
When you work out the number of days that you’ve been sick, you need to count all the days in a row you’ve been sick, including days you do not usually work, such as weekends and bank holidays.
If you need a fit note, contact the healthcare professional treating you. This should be a doctor, nurse, occupational therapist, pharmacist or physiotherapist.
Your healthcare professional will assess you, and if they decide your health affects your fitness for work, they can issue a fit note and advise either that:
you are “not fit for work”
you “may be fit for work taking into account the following advice”
Your healthcare professional will choose the “may be fit for work” option if they think that you are able to do some work, even if it is not your usual job, with support from your employer.
Discuss this advice with your employer to see if you can return to work.
For example, the healthcare professional treating you may suggest possible changes, such as:
returning to work gradually, for example, by starting part time
temporarily working different hours
performing different duties or tasks
having other support to do your job. For example, if you have back pain, avoiding heavy lifting
If your employer is unable to accommodate the changes advised by a healthcare professional, then the fit note is treated as though it said “not fit for work”.
There is never a charge from a healthcare professional for providing a fit note if you’re off sick from work for more than 7 days.
For sickness of 7 days or less, your GP practice may charge you to provide a private medical certificate.
For example, some employers may request medical evidence from employees who repeatedly take time off sick, even if each time they’re off work it’s for 7 days or less. A fit note cannot be used for this purpose and a healthcare professional may charge to issue a private certificate.
GOV.UK: taking sick leave
GOV.UK: fit note guidance for patients and employees
Can I get a fit note without seeing a healthcare professional?
View original article on NHS Choices
A fit note must be issued by a healthcare professional, which could be a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, physiotherapist or occupational therapist. You do not always need to see them in person to get one.
It depends on:
why you’re off work sick
whether a healthcare professional needs to assess you face to face
if you have been in hospital
“Fit note” is the informal name for a Statement of Fitness for Work, also known as medical statements (MED3).
If you need a fit note, contact the healthcare professional treating you. They will tell you whether you should make an appointment to see them or book a phone consultation.
A healthcare professional can give you a fit note on the day they assess you or at any time after the assessment.
If you have been in hospital, a hospital doctor can give you a fit note, as well as a certificate to confirm that you have been an inpatient.
You can get a fit note from a doctor, nurse, occupational therapist, pharmacist or physiotherapist.
The healthcare professional treating you can also issue a fit note based on a written report from another healthcare professional. For example:
a hospital discharge summary or hospital letter
notes from a previous consultation with a healthcare professional
GOV.UK: taking sick leave
GOV.UK: fit note guidance for patients and employees
A fit note must be issued by a healthcare professional, which could be a doctor, nurse, pharmacist, physiotherapist or occupational therapist. You do not always need to see them in person to get one.
It depends on:
why you’re off work sick
whether a healthcare professional needs to assess you face to face
if you have been in hospital
“Fit note” is the informal name for a Statement of Fitness for Work, also known as medical statements (MED3).
If you need a fit note, contact the healthcare professional treating you. They will tell you whether you should make an appointment to see them or book a phone consultation.
A healthcare professional can give you a fit note on the day they assess you or at any time after the assessment.
If you have been in hospital, a hospital doctor can give you a fit note, as well as a certificate to confirm that you have been an inpatient.
You can get a fit note from a doctor, nurse, occupational therapist, pharmacist or physiotherapist.
The healthcare professional treating you can also issue a fit note based on a written report from another healthcare professional. For example:
a hospital discharge summary or hospital letter
notes from a previous consultation with a healthcare professional
GOV.UK: taking sick leave
GOV.UK: fit note guidance for patients and employees
Can I go back to work before the end date on my fit note?
View original article on NHS Choices
Yes, you do not always have to be 100% “fit” to be able to do some work. In fact, work can help your recovery from health problems or support your overall wellbeing if you have a long-term health condition.
You should go back to work as soon as you feel able to and with your employer’s agreement. This may be before the end date on your fit note.
For example, you may want to go back to work sooner if:
you’ve recovered from your illness or injury sooner than expected
your employer can offer you support to help you return to work
If you want to go back to work before the end date on your fit note you should discuss your return to work with your employer.
In some cases, your employer may not be able to agree to your early return. If this happens you should stay off work until the end date of your fit note.
For example, this might happen if your employer is not able to make the required workplace adjustments. They will need to do a suitable risk assessment.
You could ask your employer if it’s possible to work from home during this time.
You should not go back to work before the end date on your fit note if a healthcare professional has advised that you should stay off work for the full period covered by the fit note, and they want to see you again.
No, you do not need to see a healthcare professional again to go back to work.
The fit note does not have an option to say that you’re fit for work. If a healthcare professional wants to assess your fitness for work again, they will say this on your fit note.
Some employers have their own policy that requires employees to obtain medical evidence that they are fit for work. If this is the case, your employer should help you arrange this privately with a healthcare professional or occupational health specialist. A healthcare professional cannot issue a fit note for this purpose.
You do not need to be fully fit to go back to work. For example:
your employer may agree to make some changes to help you return
if your health condition no longer affects your ability to do your normal duties, you may be able to return, even though you’ve only partly recovered
Examples of changes that your employer could consider include:
having you return to work gradually – for example, by working part-time
having you work different hours temporarily
giving you different duties or tasks
giving you other support to do your job, such as avoiding heavy lifting
Depending on your job, you may need to meet other requirements before you can return to work. For example, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) rules will apply if you drive:
a large goods vehicle (LGV), such as a lorry
a passenger-carrying vehicle (PCV), such as a bus
Find out more about driving with a medical condition or a disability on the GOV.UK website.
Your employer will tell you if special requirements apply to your job.
GOV.UK: taking sick leave
GOV.UK: fit note guidance for patients and employees
Yes, you do not always have to be 100% “fit” to be able to do some work. In fact, work can help your recovery from health problems or support your overall wellbeing if you have a long-term health condition.
You should go back to work as soon as you feel able to and with your employer’s agreement. This may be before the end date on your fit note.
For example, you may want to go back to work sooner if:
you’ve recovered from your illness or injury sooner than expected
your employer can offer you support to help you return to work
If you want to go back to work before the end date on your fit note you should discuss your return to work with your employer.
In some cases, your employer may not be able to agree to your early return. If this happens you should stay off work until the end date of your fit note.
For example, this might happen if your employer is not able to make the required workplace adjustments. They will need to do a suitable risk assessment.
You could ask your employer if it’s possible to work from home during this time.
You should not go back to work before the end date on your fit note if a healthcare professional has advised that you should stay off work for the full period covered by the fit note, and they want to see you again.
No, you do not need to see a healthcare professional again to go back to work.
The fit note does not have an option to say that you’re fit for work. If a healthcare professional wants to assess your fitness for work again, they will say this on your fit note.
Some employers have their own policy that requires employees to obtain medical evidence that they are fit for work. If this is the case, your employer should help you arrange this privately with a healthcare professional or occupational health specialist. A healthcare professional cannot issue a fit note for this purpose.
You do not need to be fully fit to go back to work. For example:
your employer may agree to make some changes to help you return
if your health condition no longer affects your ability to do your normal duties, you may be able to return, even though you’ve only partly recovered
Examples of changes that your employer could consider include:
having you return to work gradually – for example, by working part-time
having you work different hours temporarily
giving you different duties or tasks
giving you other support to do your job, such as avoiding heavy lifting
Depending on your job, you may need to meet other requirements before you can return to work. For example, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) rules will apply if you drive:
a large goods vehicle (LGV), such as a lorry
a passenger-carrying vehicle (PCV), such as a bus
Find out more about driving with a medical condition or a disability on the GOV.UK website.
Your employer will tell you if special requirements apply to your job.
GOV.UK: taking sick leave
GOV.UK: fit note guidance for patients and employees
Lifestyle
How should I check my breasts?
View original article on NHS Choices
There’s no right or wrong way to check your breasts. But it’s important to know how your breasts usually look and feel. That way, you can spot any changes quickly and report them to a GP.
Every woman’s breasts are different in terms of size, shape and consistency. It’s also possible for one breast to be larger than the other.
Get used to how your breasts feel at different times of the month. This can change during your menstrual cycle. For example, some women have tender and lumpy breasts, especially near the armpit, around the time of their period.
After the menopause, normal breasts feel softer, less firm and not as lumpy.
The NHS Breast Screening Programme has produced a 5-point plan for being breast aware:
know what’s normal for you
look at your breasts and feel them
know what changes to look for
report any changes to a GP without delay
attend routine screening if you’re aged 50 to 70
Look at your breasts and feel each breast and armpit, and up to your collarbone. You may find it easiest to do this in the shower or bath, by running a soapy hand over each breast and up under each armpit.
You can also look at your breasts in the mirror. Look with your arms by your side and also with them raised.
See a GP if you notice any of the following changes:
a change in the size, outline or shape of your breast
a change in the look or feel of the skin on your breast, such as puckering or dimpling, a rash or redness
a new lump, swelling, thickening or bumpy area in one breast or armpit that was not there before
any change in nipple position, such as your nipple being pulled in or pointing differently
a rash (like eczema), crusting, scaly or itchy skin or redness on or around your nipple
any discomfort or pain in one breast, particularly if it’s a new pain and does not go away (although pain is only a symptom of breast cancer in rare cases)
Breast changes can happen for many reasons, and most of them are not serious. Lots of women have breast lumps, and most breast lumps are not cancerous.
However, if you find changes in your breast that are not normal for you, it’s best to see a GP as soon as possible. This is because it’s important to rule out breast cancer. If cancer is detected, then appropriate treatment should be planned as quickly as possible.
GOV.UK: breast screening information leaflets
Cancer Research UK: finding breast cancer early
There’s no right or wrong way to check your breasts. But it’s important to know how your breasts usually look and feel. That way, you can spot any changes quickly and report them to a GP.
Every woman’s breasts are different in terms of size, shape and consistency. It’s also possible for one breast to be larger than the other.
Get used to how your breasts feel at different times of the month. This can change during your menstrual cycle. For example, some women have tender and lumpy breasts, especially near the armpit, around the time of their period.
After the menopause, normal breasts feel softer, less firm and not as lumpy.
The NHS Breast Screening Programme has produced a 5-point plan for being breast aware:
know what’s normal for you
look at your breasts and feel them
know what changes to look for
report any changes to a GP without delay
attend routine screening if you’re aged 50 to 70
Look at your breasts and feel each breast and armpit, and up to your collarbone. You may find it easiest to do this in the shower or bath, by running a soapy hand over each breast and up under each armpit.
You can also look at your breasts in the mirror. Look with your arms by your side and also with them raised.
See a GP if you notice any of the following changes:
a change in the size, outline or shape of your breast
a change in the look or feel of the skin on your breast, such as puckering or dimpling, a rash or redness
a new lump, swelling, thickening or bumpy area in one breast or armpit that was not there before
any change in nipple position, such as your nipple being pulled in or pointing differently
a rash (like eczema), crusting, scaly or itchy skin or redness on or around your nipple
any discomfort or pain in one breast, particularly if it’s a new pain and does not go away (although pain is only a symptom of breast cancer in rare cases)
Breast changes can happen for many reasons, and most of them are not serious. Lots of women have breast lumps, and most breast lumps are not cancerous.
However, if you find changes in your breast that are not normal for you, it’s best to see a GP as soon as possible. This is because it’s important to rule out breast cancer. If cancer is detected, then appropriate treatment should be planned as quickly as possible.
GOV.UK: breast screening information leaflets
Cancer Research UK: finding breast cancer early
Men’s health
What should my testicles look and feel like?
View original article on NHS Choices
Most men’s testicles are about the same size, but it’s common for one to be slightly bigger than the other. It’s also common for one testicle to hang lower than the other.
The testicles should feel smooth, without any lumps or bumps, and firm but not hard. You may feel a soft tube at the back of each testicle, which is called the epididymis.
If you notice any changes or anything unusual about your testicles, you should see a GP.
There are several causes of testicular lumps and swellings:
varicocele – caused by enlarged veins in the testicles (may look like a bag of worms)
hydrocele – a swelling caused by fluid around the testicle
epididymal cyst – a lump caused by a collection of fluid in the epididymis
testicular torsion – a sudden painful swelling that happens when a testicle becomes twisted (this is a medical emergency and requires surgery as soon as possible)
epididymitis – a chlamydia infection in the epididymis can cause inflammation, swelling and tenderness inside the scrotum (ball sack); a few men will notice that the whole of the scrotum is red and tender (this is called epididymo-orchitis)
The early signs of testicular cancer are easy to spot. Look out for one or more of the following:
a hard lump on the front or side of a testicle
swelling or enlargement of a testicle
an increase in firmness of a testicle
pain or discomfort in a testicle or in the scrotum (the sac that holds the testicles)
an unusual difference between one testicle and the other
If you find a lump or swelling, or have any of the above signs, it’s important to get it checked out by a doctor.
Further information:
Cancer Research UK: what to look out for
Most men’s testicles are about the same size, but it’s common for one to be slightly bigger than the other. It’s also common for one testicle to hang lower than the other.
The testicles should feel smooth, without any lumps or bumps, and firm but not hard. You may feel a soft tube at the back of each testicle, which is called the epididymis.
If you notice any changes or anything unusual about your testicles, you should see a GP.
There are several causes of testicular lumps and swellings:
varicocele – caused by enlarged veins in the testicles (may look like a bag of worms)
hydrocele – a swelling caused by fluid around the testicle
epididymal cyst – a lump caused by a collection of fluid in the epididymis
testicular torsion – a sudden painful swelling that happens when a testicle becomes twisted (this is a medical emergency and requires surgery as soon as possible)
epididymitis – a chlamydia infection in the epididymis can cause inflammation, swelling and tenderness inside the scrotum (ball sack); a few men will notice that the whole of the scrotum is red and tender (this is called epididymo-orchitis)
The early signs of testicular cancer are easy to spot. Look out for one or more of the following:
a hard lump on the front or side of a testicle
swelling or enlargement of a testicle
an increase in firmness of a testicle
pain or discomfort in a testicle or in the scrotum (the sac that holds the testicles)
an unusual difference between one testicle and the other
If you find a lump or swelling, or have any of the above signs, it’s important to get it checked out by a doctor.
Further information:
Cancer Research UK: what to look out for
Why should I avoid sexual activity before a PSA test?
View original article on NHS Choices
You should avoid sexual activity before a PSA test because it may affect the test results.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein made by a man’s prostate gland (a small gland in the pelvis between the penis and bladder).
PSA tests are used to measure the level of PSA in a man’s blood. A raised level of PSA can be a sign of a prostate condition, such as:
enlarged prostate
infection or inflammation of the prostate
Before having a PSA test, men should not have ejaculated during the previous 48 hours.
Semen released during sexual activity can cause PSA levels to rise temporarily, which may affect the test results.
For the same reason, before having a PSA test men should not have:
exercised vigorously in the previous 48 hours
an active urinary infection (UTI) or had a UTI in the past 6 weeks
had a prostate biopsy in the previous 6 weeks
A prostate biopsy, where a tissue sample is taken from the prostate for analysis, can also increase your PSA levels.
Your PSA test should therefore be done either:
before the biopsy
at least 6 weeks afterwards.
You should avoid sexual activity before a PSA test because it may affect the test results.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein made by a man’s prostate gland (a small gland in the pelvis between the penis and bladder).
PSA tests are used to measure the level of PSA in a man’s blood. A raised level of PSA can be a sign of a prostate condition, such as:
enlarged prostate
infection or inflammation of the prostate
Before having a PSA test, men should not have ejaculated during the previous 48 hours.
Semen released during sexual activity can cause PSA levels to rise temporarily, which may affect the test results.
For the same reason, before having a PSA test men should not have:
exercised vigorously in the previous 48 hours
an active urinary infection (UTI) or had a UTI in the past 6 weeks
had a prostate biopsy in the previous 6 weeks
A prostate biopsy, where a tissue sample is taken from the prostate for analysis, can also increase your PSA levels.
Your PSA test should therefore be done either:
before the biopsy
at least 6 weeks afterwards.
Operations, tests and procedures
Is it better to have a bath or shower after surgery?
View original article on NHS Choices
It’s usually better to have a shower after an operation because you can control the flow of water and avoid getting the wound wet if you have been told to keep it dry.
You may be told not to have a bath after some operations.
This is because your wound should not be soaked in water until it’s healed. It could cause the skin to soften and reopen the wound.
Guidelines published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) say you can have a shower 48 hours after surgery.
Check with your surgeon or nurse whether you can shower or have a bath, as it may depend on the type of surgery you have had and how your wound has been closed.
You’ll be given advice about caring for your wound before you’re discharged from hospital.
Some dressings are waterproof and can withstand a small amount of water (for example, the spray from a shower).
But do not place the dressing completely underwater if you have been told to keep it dry.
You should follow the advice given to you by your doctor or nurse.
If you’re not sure whether your dressing is waterproof, ask a doctor or nurse if you have to avoid getting it wet.
Depending on where your dressing is, you could cover the area to stop it getting wet in the bath or shower.
For example, a dressing on your hand could be covered by a large rubber glove or a plastic bag.
You can also buy waterproof covers for your arm or leg so you can shower without getting them wet.
Ask one of the healthcare professionals treating you or a pharmacist for advice.
You can usually shower 48 hours after surgery.
You should not get your plaster cast wet. Water will weaken it and the bone will not be properly supported.
You can buy a waterproof cover to protect the cast so you can shower without getting it wet.
You should be able to wash normally after your stitches, dressings and clips have been removed.
It’s usually better to have a shower until the wound has healed to avoid soaking it completely.
Afterwards, pat your wound and the area around it dry.
If you’re worried about your wound or are not sure how to care for it, contact the healthcare team at the hospital where you had the surgery, call NHS 111 or see a GP.
It’s usually better to have a shower after an operation because you can control the flow of water and avoid getting the wound wet if you have been told to keep it dry.
You may be told not to have a bath after some operations.
This is because your wound should not be soaked in water until it’s healed. It could cause the skin to soften and reopen the wound.
Guidelines published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) say you can have a shower 48 hours after surgery.
Check with your surgeon or nurse whether you can shower or have a bath, as it may depend on the type of surgery you have had and how your wound has been closed.
You’ll be given advice about caring for your wound before you’re discharged from hospital.
Some dressings are waterproof and can withstand a small amount of water (for example, the spray from a shower).
But do not place the dressing completely underwater if you have been told to keep it dry.
You should follow the advice given to you by your doctor or nurse.
If you’re not sure whether your dressing is waterproof, ask a doctor or nurse if you have to avoid getting it wet.
Depending on where your dressing is, you could cover the area to stop it getting wet in the bath or shower.
For example, a dressing on your hand could be covered by a large rubber glove or a plastic bag.
You can also buy waterproof covers for your arm or leg so you can shower without getting them wet.
Ask one of the healthcare professionals treating you or a pharmacist for advice.
You can usually shower 48 hours after surgery.
You should not get your plaster cast wet. Water will weaken it and the bone will not be properly supported.
You can buy a waterproof cover to protect the cast so you can shower without getting it wet.
You should be able to wash normally after your stitches, dressings and clips have been removed.
It’s usually better to have a shower until the wound has healed to avoid soaking it completely.
Afterwards, pat your wound and the area around it dry.
If you’re worried about your wound or are not sure how to care for it, contact the healthcare team at the hospital where you had the surgery, call NHS 111 or see a GP.
How soon can I go swimming after surgery?
View original article on NHS Choices
It depends on the type of surgery you have had, but you shouldn’t go swimming until:
your surgeon, GP or physiotherapist has confirmed it’s safe for you to do so
your wound has healed (it shouldn’t be submerged under water before it’s healed) – ask your surgeon how long your wound will take to heal
your wound doesn’t cause pain
Generally, after your stitches have been removed or have dissolved and your wound has fully healed, you should be able to swim in the sea or a swimming pool. Once a wound has healed, the risk of infection decreases.
Stitches can usually be removed within 3 to 14 days of surgery, although it depends on the type of wound. Absorbable stitches can take longer to dissolve.
You should avoid swimming for longer if you have another condition that increases your risk of infection or delays healing.
You shouldn’t swim if you have open wounds. You also shouldn’t swim if you’re wearing a plaster cast or you have an external fixation device – a metal frame that holds your bones in position – until your surgeon advises that it’s safe to do so.
Depending on the type of surgery, you may need to avoid swimming for some time, even after your wound has healed.
Below are some examples, but you should always check with the healthcare professionals treating you before going swimming:
cornea transplant – avoid swimming for at least 1 to 3 months and until you’re advised that it’s safe; wear goggles to protect your eye from an impact injury and don’t dive in
hip replacement – you can swim once your wound has healed and you can get into a swimming pool safely (usually at least 6 weeks), but some surgeons advise against breaststroke
coronary artery bypass graft – you can swim after 3 months
cataract surgery – you should avoid swimming for 4 to 6 weeks
appendectomy (after having appendicitis) – you can swim after your stitches have been removed, the wound has healed and you have made a full recovery (usually at least 2 weeks)
It depends on the type of surgery you have had, but you shouldn’t go swimming until:
your surgeon, GP or physiotherapist has confirmed it’s safe for you to do so
your wound has healed (it shouldn’t be submerged under water before it’s healed) – ask your surgeon how long your wound will take to heal
your wound doesn’t cause pain
Generally, after your stitches have been removed or have dissolved and your wound has fully healed, you should be able to swim in the sea or a swimming pool. Once a wound has healed, the risk of infection decreases.
Stitches can usually be removed within 3 to 14 days of surgery, although it depends on the type of wound. Absorbable stitches can take longer to dissolve.
You should avoid swimming for longer if you have another condition that increases your risk of infection or delays healing.
You shouldn’t swim if you have open wounds. You also shouldn’t swim if you’re wearing a plaster cast or you have an external fixation device – a metal frame that holds your bones in position – until your surgeon advises that it’s safe to do so.
Depending on the type of surgery, you may need to avoid swimming for some time, even after your wound has healed.
Below are some examples, but you should always check with the healthcare professionals treating you before going swimming:
cornea transplant – avoid swimming for at least 1 to 3 months and until you’re advised that it’s safe; wear goggles to protect your eye from an impact injury and don’t dive in
hip replacement – you can swim once your wound has healed and you can get into a swimming pool safely (usually at least 6 weeks), but some surgeons advise against breaststroke
coronary artery bypass graft – you can swim after 3 months
cataract surgery – you should avoid swimming for 4 to 6 weeks
appendectomy (after having appendicitis) – you can swim after your stitches have been removed, the wound has healed and you have made a full recovery (usually at least 2 weeks)
Sexual health
What causes bleeding between periods?
View original article on NHS Choices
There are many different causes of bleeding between periods. Some may not be anything to worry about, but seek medical advice if you’re concerned.
If you are postmenopausal, or think you could be, find out more about postmenopausal bleeding.
Irregular bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, is common during the first few months of starting hormonal contraception, such as the:
combined pill
progestogen-only pill
contraceptive patch
contraceptive implant or contraceptive injection
intrauterine system (IUS) or hormonal coil
If you’re concerned about bleeding or it lasts longer than a few months, you should seek medical advice.
You may also bleed between periods if you:
miss any combined pills
miss any progestogen-only pills
have a problem with your patch or vaginal ring
are sick or have diarrhoea when taking the pill
Some other causes of bleeding between periods include:
taking the emergency contraceptive pill
injury to the vagina – for example, from having penetrative sex
recently having an abortion – seek medical advice if you’re bleeding heavily
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia – it’s a good idea to get tested if you’ve recently had unprotected sex with a new partner
recently having a miscarriage
changes in hormone levels – this is common in women approaching the menopause
stress
vaginal dryness
harmless changes to the neck of the womb (cervix) – this may be called cervical ectropion or cervical erosion
cervical cancer – if you’re aged 25 to 64, you should be having regular cervical screening to detect any changes to your cervix
womb (uterus or uterine) cancer – this is more common in post-menopausal women
vaginal cancer or vulval cancer
cervical or endometrial polyps – non-cancerous (benign) growths in the womb or the lining of the cervix
fibroids
If you have any unusual vaginal bleeding between your periods, you should:
see a GP
visit a sexual health or genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic
A healthcare professional will talk to you about your symptoms. Depending on your situation, they may suggest doing some tests, such as:
tests for STIs, which may include an examination of your genitals
blood tests
a pregnancy test
cervical screening, if you’re aged 25 to 64 and not up-to-date with these
a pelvic ultrasound scan
To diagnose some conditions, you may need an examination, such as:
a speculum examination – a smooth, tube-shaped tool (a speculum) is inserted into your vagina to examine your vagina and cervix
an internal examination of your vagina with gloved fingers (bimanual examination)
There are many different causes of bleeding between periods. Some may not be anything to worry about, but seek medical advice if you’re concerned.
If you are postmenopausal, or think you could be, find out more about postmenopausal bleeding.
Irregular bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, is common during the first few months of starting hormonal contraception, such as the:
combined pill
progestogen-only pill
contraceptive patch
contraceptive implant or contraceptive injection
intrauterine system (IUS) or hormonal coil
If you’re concerned about bleeding or it lasts longer than a few months, you should seek medical advice.
You may also bleed between periods if you:
miss any combined pills
miss any progestogen-only pills
have a problem with your patch or vaginal ring
are sick or have diarrhoea when taking the pill
Some other causes of bleeding between periods include:
taking the emergency contraceptive pill
injury to the vagina – for example, from having penetrative sex
recently having an abortion – seek medical advice if you’re bleeding heavily
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia – it’s a good idea to get tested if you’ve recently had unprotected sex with a new partner
recently having a miscarriage
changes in hormone levels – this is common in women approaching the menopause
stress
vaginal dryness
harmless changes to the neck of the womb (cervix) – this may be called cervical ectropion or cervical erosion
cervical cancer – if you’re aged 25 to 64, you should be having regular cervical screening to detect any changes to your cervix
womb (uterus or uterine) cancer – this is more common in post-menopausal women
vaginal cancer or vulval cancer
cervical or endometrial polyps – non-cancerous (benign) growths in the womb or the lining of the cervix
fibroids
If you have any unusual vaginal bleeding between your periods, you should:
see a GP
visit a sexual health or genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic
A healthcare professional will talk to you about your symptoms. Depending on your situation, they may suggest doing some tests, such as:
tests for STIs, which may include an examination of your genitals
blood tests
a pregnancy test
cervical screening, if you’re aged 25 to 64 and not up-to-date with these
a pelvic ultrasound scan
To diagnose some conditions, you may need an examination, such as:
a speculum examination – a smooth, tube-shaped tool (a speculum) is inserted into your vagina to examine your vagina and cervix
an internal examination of your vagina with gloved fingers (bimanual examination)
What causes a woman to bleed after sex?
View original article on NHS Choices
There are many reasons why a woman may bleed after sex. The medical name for this is “postcoital bleeding”.
If you’re concerned because you experience vaginal bleeding after sex, seek advice from a GP or a sexual health clinic (genitourinary or GUM clinic). They will ask about your medical history and assess your symptoms. They can then advise you if any treatment is needed.
Bleeding after sex can be a sign of a health condition:
an infection, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia
vaginal dryness (atrophic vaginitis) caused by reduced vaginal secretions after the menopause
damage to the vagina, such as tears caused by childbirth, or by dryness or friction during sex
cervical or endometrial polyps (benign or non-cancerous growths in the womb or the lining of the cervix)
cervical ectropion (also known as cervical erosion), where there is an inflamed area on the surface of the cervix
In rare instances, bleeding after sex can be a sign of cervical or vaginal cancer.
Depending on any other symptoms and your medical history, a GP may recommend some tests or examinations, such as:
a pregnancy test (depending on your age)
a pelvic examination (where the GP inserts 2 fingers into your vagina to feel for anything unusual)
looking at the cervix with an instrument called a speculum
If the problem is caused by vaginal dryness, they may recommend that you try using lubricating gels.
You may also be referred to a specialist, such as a gynaecologist or genitourinary specialist.
It’s important that all women aged 25 to 64 get regular cervical screening tests to help prevent cervical cancer.
There are many reasons why a woman may bleed after sex. The medical name for this is “postcoital bleeding”.
If you’re concerned because you experience vaginal bleeding after sex, seek advice from a GP or a sexual health clinic (genitourinary or GUM clinic). They will ask about your medical history and assess your symptoms. They can then advise you if any treatment is needed.
Bleeding after sex can be a sign of a health condition:
an infection, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia
vaginal dryness (atrophic vaginitis) caused by reduced vaginal secretions after the menopause
damage to the vagina, such as tears caused by childbirth, or by dryness or friction during sex
cervical or endometrial polyps (benign or non-cancerous growths in the womb or the lining of the cervix)
cervical ectropion (also known as cervical erosion), where there is an inflamed area on the surface of the cervix
In rare instances, bleeding after sex can be a sign of cervical or vaginal cancer.
Depending on any other symptoms and your medical history, a GP may recommend some tests or examinations, such as:
a pregnancy test (depending on your age)
a pelvic examination (where the GP inserts 2 fingers into your vagina to feel for anything unusual)
looking at the cervix with an instrument called a speculum
If the problem is caused by vaginal dryness, they may recommend that you try using lubricating gels.
You may also be referred to a specialist, such as a gynaecologist or genitourinary specialist.
It’s important that all women aged 25 to 64 get regular cervical screening tests to help prevent cervical cancer.
